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Labs:
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Notes:
Animal Body
Arthropods
Biochem
Cell Cycle
Cell Interactions
Cell Structure
Circulation
Respiration
Communities
Digestion
DNA
Ecosystems
Energy
Evolution Evidence
Future of
Biosphere
Genetic Engineering
Gene Function
Genetics
Hormones
Human Evolution
Immunity
Species
Interaction
Kidneys
Locomotion
Membranes
Mollusks
Mutation
Nervous
Non-Coelmic
Photosynthesis
Plant Physiology
Population Genetics
Population
Dynamics
Cellular Respiration
Sensory
Speciation
Taxonomy
Vertebrates
Vertebrate
Org
Vocabulary:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
11,12,13,14,15,
16,17,18,19,20,
21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,28,29,30,
31,32,33,34,35,
36,37,38,39,40,
41,42,43,44,45,
46,47,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54
Cell Structure & Development
I. Cell Theory A. Structural Unit
B. Functional Unit
C. All Cells arise from pre-existing cells
1. Pasteur Spontaneous Generation
a) Jar w/ meat covered
b) Jar w/out meat
covered
c) Cells don’t
spontaneously generate
D. Exceptions
1. Viruses – complex biomolecules
a) Can reproduce,
but only in host
b) “Parasitic
Obligates” – oxygen is toxic
2. Mitochondria/Chloroplasts
a) Have own DNA
b) Can reproduce
c) Endosymbiants
– live together
3. Chicken or the Egg???
II. Scientists
A. Hooke – discovered “cells” in cork
B. Van Leewenhook
1. First compound microscope
2. First to see microorganisms (Blood,
Pond water, semen)
C. Scheiden & Schwann – all plants & animals
are composed of cells
D. Virchous – all cells from pre-existing cells
E. Robert Brown – first to identify the nucleus
III. Development
A. Prokaryotes – (before center)
1. General Char
a) < 10 mm
b) No nucleus
c) No Membrane
bound organelles
2. Types
a) Archaebacteria
(1)
Anaerobic – no O2 in atmosphere
(2)
Most primitive; some exist today
(3)
Methane producers
(4)
CO2 + H2O ~> CH4 (chemosynthesis)
(5)
Halobacteria – salt rich environments
(6)
Thermotrophic – hot springs, thrive on H2S
b) Eubacteria
(1)
Most bacteria that live today
(2)
Aerobic
(3)
Bacteria & blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)
B. Eukaryotes
1. General Char
a) 100-300 mm
b) Well defined
nucleus w/ membrane
c) Membrane bound
organelles
C. Endosymbiant Theory
1. Eukaryotes have ingested other
organisms and turn them into organelles
2. Mitochondria/Chlorophyll/Centrioles*
3. Produces double membranes
IV. Structure
A. Cell Size
1. Surface Area to Volume ratio
2. Intracellular Transport Mechanisms
a) Diffusion/Osmosis
b) Chemical messengers
B. Prokaryotes
1. No Membrane bound organelles
a) Free DNA, circular
b) Plasmids –
extra chromosomal DNA
c) *Ribosomes –
very small & simple
2. Cell Membrane
a) Has many functions
b) In photosynthetic
bacteria, it is the site of photosynthesis
3. No microtubules
a) Protein “tubulin”
b) Cell division
/flagella/shape
4. Cell Wall is present
a) Carbos cross
linked w/ short polypeptide chains
b) Peptidoglycan
(1)
Gram Positive
a) Single thick
wall
b) Primitive
c) Stain purple
(2)
Gram Negative
a) Thinner wall
b) More complex
c) Layering of lipopoly
saccarides
5. Slime Capsule
6. Flagella
a) Single chain
of protein “flagelline”
b) Surrounded by
a sheath
C. Groups of Bacteria
1. Cocci
a) Round
b) Streptococcus
– “striped”
c) Staphylococcus
– “clumpes”
2. Bacillus
a) Rod
b) E.
coli
3. Spirillum
a) Coiled
b) Syphillus
D. Phyla
1. Bacteria
a) Heterotrophic
b) Anaerobic/aerobic
(1)
Obligate
a) Oxygen is toxic
b) No enzymes for
oxygen metabolism
(2)
Facultative – oxygen is OK
c) Pathenogenic
(5%) – Disease causing
(1)
Communicable
(2)
Anti-biotics – cell poison
(3)
Bubonic Plague – Yersinia pestis
(4)
Botulism – Clostridium bacterium
(5)
Salmonella
(6)
Streptococcus – strepthroat/pneumonia
(7)
Staphylococcus –TB
(8)
Chlomydia ulcer – VD (among others)
d) Non-Pathenogenic
(95%) – Harmless
(1)
Saprophytes – lives off of dead material
(2)
Endosymbionts – (lives inside something els e)
E. coli
(3)
Plasmids for genetic engineering
a) Add a gene
b) Confer resistance
c) N2
fixation in legumes (beans & nuts)
i) nitrates
i) nitrites
2. Cyanobacteria
a) Photosynthetic
b) Chlorophyll,
no chloroplasts
c) Filamentous colonial
forms (Uscillatoria)
d) Responsible for
stagnation
e) Limestone deposits
E. Eukaryotic Cells
1. Fungi, Protists, Animal & Plant
2. Membrane bound organelles
3. Compartmentalized organelles &
cellular activities
a) Allows for independent,
but simultaneous life functions
4. Nucleus
a) Usually centrally
located
b) Visible with
light microscope
c) Regulates all
activities
d) Contains chromosomes
(DNA/Protein complex)
e) 46 in humans
(during cell division)
f) Chromatin –
uncoiled DNA; resting state
g) Surrounded by
nuclear membrane
(1)
Double membrane
(2)
Filled w/ pores
h) Nucleolus
(1)
Not a true organelle
(2)
One to many
(3)
Site of RNA synthesis
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
a) Visible w/ electron
microscope
b) Continuous system
of channels with nucleus
c) Lipid bi-layer
d) 2 types –
Rough & Smooth
(1)
Rough ER
a) Dotted with ribosomes
b) Site of protein
synthesis
c) These proteins
have a signal sequence
(2)
Signal Hypothesis
a) Synthesis begins
at free ribosome
b) Signal sequence
is synthesized (AA)
c) Finds a recognition
site on the ER & binds to it
d) Protein is synthesized
into the ER channels
e) Moves down the
channel to the Golgi complex ~> vesicle ~> thru cell membrane
(3)
Smooth ER
a) Enzymes anchored
in the membrane
b) Lipid synthesis
(brain, intestine)
c) Detoxification
6. Golgi Complex
a) Stacks of membranes
b) Collect, package
& transport cellular secretions
c) When associated
w/ ER, functions in protein transport
d) Combine w/ polysaccarides
to prevent free diffusion
(1)
Glycolipid
(2)
Glycoprotein
e) Glycomolecules
collect at the ends of the Golgi as **cisternae**
f) Cisternae will
pinch into vesicle
7. Lysosomes
a) Vesicles with
a high [ ] of hydrolytic enzymes
b) Digest macromolecules
& worn out organelles
c) Pumps in H+ ions
to make the internal fluid acidic
(1)
Only when lysosome is action (2° lysosomes)
(2)
Primary (1°) lysosomes are inactive
d) Apotosis is cell
“suicide”
e) Energy is used
to prevent self digestion (cell death)
f) Bacteria have
no lysosomes sitting can be dormant w/out dying
g) Lysosomes have
a role in development & metamorphosis & cell cycles
8. Microbodies
a) Some contain
enzymes that convert fat ~> carbos
b) Derived from
ER
c) Peroxisomes –
animal cells (destroy peroxides)
d) Glyoxysomes –
plant cells (destroy glyoxyides)
9. Mitochondria
a) Site of cell
respiration; “powerhouse of cell”
b) Structure
(1)
Tubular, 1-8 microns
(2)
Double Membrane
a) Outer membrane
is smooth and ER derived
b) Inner membrane
is folded (crista e)
and have membrane bound proteins for oxidative metabolism (cell respiration)
(3)
Matrix is the fluid interior
(4)
Small circular DNA (similar to bacteria)
a) Most of its DNA
and its functions have been transferred to the nucleus
b) Remaining DNA
codes for protein synthesis of metabolic enzymes, RNA and ribosome
(5)
Replication during mitosis controlled by nucleus otherwise simple fission
c) Origin
(1)
Aerobic, symbiotic bacteria were engulfed by anaerobic cell
(2)
Beneficial evolutionarily due to increased O2 in primitive
atmosphere
10. Chloroplast
a) Site of Ps; Found
in plants, algae, some bacteria
b) Structure
(1)
Larger than mitochondria
(2)
Surrounded by double membrane
(3)
Internal membranes form a highly folded complex called lamella
(4)
Fused edges of lamella form stacks of membranes called thylakoids (light
rxns). This is where the Ps pigments are embedded in the surface
(5)
Grana – stacks of thylakoids
(6)
Stroma – fluid interior
(7)
Circular Genome
a) Genes for components
in nucleus
b) Remaining DNA
for RNA and Ps proteins
(8)
Sun light needed to synthesize chlorophyll
(9)
Leucoplasts – inactive (light deprive d)
chloropla
a) Lamella are reabsorbed
b) Amyloplasts are
stored sites for starch
1. Centrioles
a) Found in animal
cells and protests
b) Necessary for
assembly and organization of microtubules (cell division)
c) Form basal bodies
to anchor flagella and cilia
d) Paired at right
angles near nuclear membrane to form centrosome