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Animal Body
Arthropods
Biochem
Cell Cycle
Cell Interactions
Cell Structure
Circulation
Respiration
Communities
Digestion
DNA
Ecosystems
Energy
Evolution Evidence
Future of
Biosphere
Genetic Engineering
Gene Function
Genetics
Hormones
Human Evolution
Immunity
Species
Interaction
Kidneys
Locomotion
Membranes
Mollusks
Mutation
Nervous
Non-Coelmic
Photosynthesis
Plant Physiology
Population Genetics
Population
Dynamics
Cellular Respiration
Sensory
Speciation
Taxonomy
Vertebrates
Vertebrate
Org
Vocabulary:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
11,12,13,14,15,
16,17,18,19,20,
21,22,23,24,25,
26,27,28,29,30,
31,32,33,34,35,
36,37,38,39,40,
41,42,43,44,45,
46,47,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54
Evidence for Evolution
I.
Evidence for Microevolution
A. Sickle Cell Anemia
1. Valine substituted for glutamine
2. R.B. C. <~Conformational
Change
3. Frequency
a) Af-Amer - .045
b) Wht-Amer - .001
4. Type 1 – heterozygous- 2%
change of hemoglobin
5. Type 2 – homozygous rec –
fatal
6. Heterozygous case is more fit reproductively
(less susceptible)
7. Selection is acting to eliminate
homo rec.
B. Peppered
Moth / Industrial Melanism
1. Dark
colored organisms are favored over light colored
2. Hidden
dominant – England
3. Trees
used to be light colored; white moths survived
4. Trees
became dark colored; black moths survived
C. Lead
Tolerance
1. Plants
grew near mines
2. Plants
grew in pastures
3. Plants
from mine grew in pasture
4. Plants
from pasture didn’t grow in mine
5. They
were ancestors
II.
Evidence for Macroevolution
A. Fossil
Record
1. Older
fossils are on bottom layers
2. C14
dating; Ratio of radioactive materials remaining
3. Horses
– 4 toes to 1
4. Hoofed
mammals ~> small nose bump ~> horn (Rhino)
B. Molecular
Record
1. Accumulation
of genetic changes in DNA
2. Farther
apart evolutionarily; the more changes
3. Phylogenetic
Tree ~> Evolutionary History (Hemoglobin)
4. Whale
/ dolphin / propose
C. Homology
1. Common
ancestor form
2. Similar
structures but different functions
D. Developmental
1. We
go through stages of development, which are similar to our ancestors
2. Slugs
~> mollusks <~ Giant Ocean Squid
3. Humans
~> gill slits, tail, webbing, fur
E. Vestigial
structures
1. Pelvis
in whale
2. Ear muscles
in human
3. Appendix
F. Convergent
Evolution
1. Same
structures / adaptations in organisms in totally different areas
G. Tempo
(Rate of Evolution)
1. Gradualism
– evolution occurs at a very steady slow pace
2. Punctuated
Equilibrium – long periods of slow gradual change punctuated by short
periods of rapid growth
3. Separation
= evolution