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   Animal Body
   Arthropods
   Biochem
   Cell Cycle
   Cell Interactions
   Cell Structure
   Circulation Respiration
   Communities
   Digestion
   DNA
   Ecosystems
   Energy
   Evolution Evidence
   Future of Biosphere
   Genetic Engineering
   Gene Function
   Genetics
   Hormones
   Human Evolution
   Immunity
   Species Interaction
   Kidneys
   Locomotion
   Membranes
   Mollusks
   Mutation
   Nervous
   Non-Coelmic
   Photosynthesis
   Plant Physiology
   Population Genetics
   Population Dynamics
   Cellular Respiration
   Sensory
   Speciation
   Taxonomy
   Vertebrates
   Vertebrate Org
Vocabulary:
   1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
   11,12,13,14,15,
   16,17,18,19,20,
   21,22,23,24,25,
   26,27,28,29,30,
   31,32,33,34,35,
   36,37,38,39,40,
   41,42,43,44,45,
   46,47,48,49,50,
   51,52,53,54

Plants

I. Introduction    A. Free-living unicellular & multicellular, filamentous, colonial
   B. Non-motile = sessile
   C. Chlorophyll within chloroplast ~> trap light energy
   D. Modified tissues ~> leaves, stems, roots, flowers
   E. Photosynthetic autotrophs
II. “Lower Plants” – Algae    A. Phylum Chlorophyla – green algae (chlamydomonus)

III. “Higher Plants”
   A. Bryophytes
      1. Mosses – more primitive
      2. No true roots, stems, leaves ~> lack vascular tissue
      3. Alteration of generations
   B. Tracheophytes
      1. Ferns & seed-producing plants (roots-rhizoids)
      2. Xylem & phloem (vascular system)
      3. True roots, stems, leaves
      4. Gymnosperms
         a) Conifers (“Naked seed”), cone bearing trees
         b) Needles – “leaf”
         c) Evergreen – not seasonal
      5. Angiosperms
         a) Flowering plants – “covered seed”
         b) Flower – reproductive structure
         c) Seeds protected by tough coat
         d) Perennials ~> return
         e) Annuals ~> replace yearly
IV. Angiosperms

V. Structure of Vascular Plants    A. 3 Tissue Types
      1. Vascular Tissue Conducting
         a)  Xylem – water, dissolved minerals; roo to stem to leaves
         b) Phloem – food, hormones etc; leves to roots
      2.  Ground Tissue
         a) Anchors vascular tissue
      3. Dermal Tissue
         a) Outer covering
         b) Protective
   B. Meristematic Tissue & Cells (partially differentiated cells)
      1. Apical Meristem
         a) Initiate primary growth
         b) Tips of roots & stems
         c) Elongation of primary plant body
         d) Protoderm ~> epidermis
         e) Procambium ~> vascular
         f) Ground ~> ground tissue
      2. Lateral Meristem
         a) Cylinders of tissue thickening
         b) Vascular cambium ~> 2° xylem & phloem
         c) Cork cambium ~> bark of roots & shoots
      3. Other Plant Cells
         a) Parenchyma
            (1) Spherical (lack 2° cell wall)
            (2) Least specialized, most common
            (3) Can divide when mature
            (4) Palisade & spongy
         b) Collenchyma
            (1) Under epidermis of stem, weins
            (2) Strands (celery)
            (3) Support, living when mature
         c) Scherenchyma
            (1) Don’t mature
            (2) Cell wall with ligin support
            (3) May be fibers or schenols = branching
      4. Epidermal Cells (cuticle covers)
         a) Guard cells
            (1) Gas exchange
            (2) Flank stomata
            (3) Lenticels
         b) Root hairs
            (1) Extension of epidermis
            (2) End of roots
            (3) Absorption
         c) Xylem & Phloem
            (1) Xylem
         a) Primary xylem from procambium from apical meristem
         b) Conducting elements
         i) Trachoids – water flows through “pits” in wall
         i) Vessel elements – linked end to end + pits
            (2) Phloem
         a) Sieve – tubes linked together
         b) Sieve – plate = pitted
         c) Companion cell – supportive parenchyma cell
VI. Monocot vs Dicot    A. Vascular Bundles
      1. Xylem & phloem & supporting
      2. Fibers arrangement indicates monocot/dicot
   B. Pith – primary growth product of ground tissue
   C. Cortex – outer portion of pith cells

   D. Wood
      1. Accumulated secondary xylem
      2. Annual rings – rainfall
      3. Dicots – hardwood
      4. Conifers – softwood
VII. Plant Fertilization    A. Both self & cross
   B. Athelyne
   C. Cross is better
   D. Asexual
      1. Vegetative propagation (natural)
         a) Spider plants
         b) Runners – above ground stem (strawberries)
         c) Bulbs – fleshy under ground stem (tulip)
         d) Corms – thick fleshy under ground stems (gladiolis)
         e) Tubers – under ground stem (potato)
         f) Rhizomes – underground stems (weeds)
      2. Artificial
         a) Grafting
         b)
VIII. Other Pertinent Information    A. Leaves
      1. Whole – simple – undivided
      2. Split – compound – divided
   B. Totompotancy
      1. Has all the genes to make an organism
   C. Hormones             (5)
      1. Auxin
         a) Aka indolacdic acid
         b) Stem elongation
         c) Vascular tissue growth
         d) Suppresses later bud (branc         h) in meristem (apical)
      2. Cytokinins
         a) Stimulate cell division & differentiation (made in roots)
      3. Gibberellins
         a) Help stem elongate
         b) Help in germination (apical meristems)
         c) Roots & shoots
      4. Ethylene
         a) Ripens fruit faster
         b) Retards bud elongation
         c) Control abscission of leaves, flowers
         d) Leaves, stems, fruit
      5. Abscisic Acid
         a) Suppress bud growth
         b) Helps open stomates
         c) Prevents leaf senescence (agin)
         d) Leaves, fruit, root caps
   D. Phototropism – plant grows toward the light
   E. Geotropism (Gravitropis         m) – grows toward the center of the earth
   F. Thigmotropism – grows by touch (veins)
   G. Turgor Pressure
   H. Photoperiodism
      1. Acts to light & dark cycles
      2. To grow
      3. To flower
      4. To Asics

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